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Done by: Jessica Yip (31), Tan Pei Bing (24), Jasmine See (23), Neo Wen Xin (22), Iram Khan (14)

Chemistry in the Scientific Revolution
__**//Alchemy://**__  __//**Robert Boyle (1627 - 1691)**//__ Among all the work he had accomplished in physics - the enunciation of Boyle's law, the discovery of the part taken by air in the propagation of sound, and investigations on the expansive force of freezing water, on specific gravities and refractive powers, on crystals, on electricity, on colour, on hydrostatics, he had an special interest in chemistry.
 * An early form of chemistry exploring the nature of substances
 * Most commonly known goals
 * The science of transmuting base metals to more valuable ones
 * Eg. Iron to gold
 * Finding the elixir of life
 * When drunk, will result in the person becoming immortal
 * Many scientists believed in it
 * Eg. Isaac Newton
 * The debunking of Aristotle's belief of there were only four elements - earth, fire, water and air and the publishing of the book, The Skeptical Chymist by Robert Boyle combined to eliminate this early form of science.
 * Significance
 * Laid the basics of chemistry
 * The experiments by alchemists set a standard for scientists, albeit not a high one and was improved on my others
 * Considered the father of modern chemistry
 * Visited Florence, Italy in 1641 with his french tutor, opportunity to study Galileo Galilei and his works.
 * Returned to England in mid 1644 with a keen interest in science,
 * Joined the ‘Invisible College’, the precursor of the Royal Society Of London,
 * Members aimed to acquire knowledge through experimental investigation.
 * Elected President in 1680 but refused due to "scruple of oaths”
 * Established a scientific laboratory in 1649, and promoting the use of scientific experiments and the scientific method through his accounts of his scientific works.
 * Formulated improvements to Otto von Guericke’s air pump in 1657 in‘Pneumatical Engine’ (‘Machina Boyleana’)
 * Started experimenting on the properties of air in 1659.
 * Used the air-pump to create a vacuum.
 * Derived a quantitative relationship from experimental values describing ideal gases, Boyle’s law (AKA the Boyle-Mariotte law),
 * describes the inversely proportional relationship between absolute pressure and volume of a gas in constant temperature within a closed system.
 * “For a fixed amount of an ideal gas kept at a fixed temperature. P (pressure_ and V (volume) are inversely proportional (while one increases, one decreases)”


 * Contributions to Chemistry**
 * Endorsed the view of elements as the undecomposable constituents of material bodies
 * Made the distinction between mixtures and compounds.
 * Progressed in the technique of detecting ingredients mixture
 * Supposed that the elements were ultimately composed of particles of various sorts and sizes but they, they were not to be resolved in any known way.
 * He studied the chemistry of combustion and of respiration, and conducted experiments in physiology, where, however, he was hampered by the "tenderness of his nature" which kept him from anatomical dissections, especially of living animals, though he knew them to be "most instructing”.”
 * Published ‘The Sceptical Chymist: or Chymico-Physical Doubts and Paradoxes’, which is considered the cornerstone of modern chemistry
 * Argued against Aristotle’s theory that matter is made up of four elements of earth, air, fire, and water
 * Matter consisted of atoms and clusters of atoms in motion
 * Every phenomenon was the result of collisions of particles in motion.
 * Advocated for chemistry as a science, rather than a part of medicine or alchemy,
 * Promoted a rigorous approach to the scientific experiment
 * Theories must be experimentally proved before considered as ‘true’
 * Significance
 * Proposed that Aristotle's theory of matter was wrong, was somewhat vague about it in his publishings, it set the foundation for further research
 * Was the first prominent scientist to do experiments with Francis Bacon's scientific method, and somewhat promoted it by doing so, making it normal protocol
 * Made separating substances easier

**//__Antoine Lavoisier (1743 - 1794)__//**
 * father of modern chemistry
 * French chemist and biologist
 * Then, the Phlogiston Theory explained combustion
 * involved a weightless or nearly weightless substance known as phlogiston
 * Metals and fire were rich in phlogiston, earth was not
 * Changed chemistry from a qualitative to a quantitative science.
 * Debunked the Phlogiston Theory
 * Showed mass of the products in a reaction are equal to the mass of the reactants.
 * Recognized and named oxygen in 1778,
 * Recognized and named hydrogen in 1783
 * Helped construct the metric system
 * Wrote the first extensive list of elements
 * Helped reform chemical nomenclature.
 * Stated that the mass of matter before and after any operation remained the same
 * Was involved in several political activities that funded his scientific research
 * Significance
 * Him stating that mass of matter could not change during operations changed the way of chemical experiments
 * It must be assumed a true equality or equation between constituents of the substances examined, and those resulting from their analysis

__**//Daniel Sennart (1572 - 1637)//**__
 * Early seventeenth century German chemist, academic and physician
 * Well-known for his speculative support of the atomic theory.
 * Views on chemical corpuscles played a central role in 17th century chemistry, and was one of the key agents in the Scientific Revolution.
 * According to // Elements, Principles and Corpuscles:A Study of Atomism and Chemistry in the Seventeenth Century //o, “Sennert’s works compromise of Aristotelianism with atomism, and extensive use of chemistry to prove the existence of atoms”a book by Antonio Clericuzio, “Sennert’s works compromise of Aristotelianism with atomism, and extensive use of chemistry to prove the existence of atoms”
 * Robert Boyle uses Sennart’s experiments and theoretical framework in his early essays.
 * Significance
 * Was Robert Boyle's predecessor
 * Thought of the theory but couldn't prove it, other scientists like Boyle and Lavioser did

__//**Jan Babtist van Helmont (1579-1644)**//__ Founder of pneumatic chemistry
 * Early modern period Flemish chemist, physiologist and physician
 * First to understand there were different distinct in kind from atmospheric air.
 * Introduced the word "gas"
 * Thought carbon dioxide given off by burning charcoal was the same as the air given off by fermenting musk,r which rendered the air unbreathable.
 * Significance
 * His work on gases made possible further analysis by other scientists
 * First used quantitative methods in experiments, setting a trend and a procedure to do so

__http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=8f8VQ3Va5vkC&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=Daniel+Sennert+Chemistry&source=bl&ots=SYmL7CqCQ7&sig=-M6G6750I_CYyykyTTlQiOkyWbQ&hl=en&ei=3GZ5S8OfAtS3rAfGsdz1Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CAsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Daniel%20Sennert%20Chemistry&f=false http://science.jrank.org/pages/8580/Chemistry-Alchemy-in-Scientific-Revolution.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sennert__ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/forerunners/boyle.html http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Boyle.html http://understandingscience.ucc.ie/pages/sci_robertboyle.htm http://understandingscience.ucc.ie/pages/sci_robertboyle.htm http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Biographies/Boyle.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier
 * //__References:__//**